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Diabetes in America, 3rd Edition
Chapter 13: RISK FACTORS FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES


Figure 13.1 -- 
Graphic of the United States showing that the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes among adults has increased in every state between 1994 and 2010. 


Figure 13.2 -- 
Bar chart showing that the prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes increases with age with 4.1 % age 20 to 44 years and 25.9 % age greater than or equal to 65 having diabetes. 

Figure 13.3 -- 
Line graph showing that the median age at diagnosis of diabetes varies among non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic Americans between 1997 and 2011.

Figure 13.4
 -- Graphic of world showing that the prevalence of diabetes varies widely among countries worldwide with prevalence ranging from less than 4% in some countries to greater than 12 % in other countries.

Figure 13.5
 -- Graphic showing that, in addition to the genetic risk for type 2 diabetes, family members often share nongenetic environmental risk factors that contribute to diabetes risk.

Figure 13.6
 -- Line graph showing that the incidence of diabetes was significantly lower for those on a Mediterranean diet with a supplement of extra-virgin olive oil compared to the control group.


Figure 13.7
 -- Graphic of the United States in 2004 and 2011 showing that the prevalence of leisure-time physical activity among adults has increased rapidly across the country.


Figure 13.8 -- 
Forest plot showing that regular, brisk walking was associated with a reduced risk for type 2 diabetes compared to almost no walking, even after adjustment for body mass index.


Figure 13.9 -- 
Graphic of the United States in 1994, 2000, and 2010 showing that the prevalence of obesity among adults has increased considerably.

Figure 13.10 -- 
Flow diagram showing that in response to increased maternal glucose, the fetus increases its own insulin, which may result in macrosomia and glucose intolerance later in life.

Figure 13.11 -- 
Flow diagram showing that as migrants become acculturated, their environmental risk exposure to type 2 diabetes is altered.


Figure 13.12 -- 
Flow diagram showing the multiple pathways in which sleep disturbances have been linked to type 2 diabetes.


Figure 13.13 -- 
Graphic showing that in normal glucose tolerance, a hyperbolic relation exists between beta cell function and insulin sensitivity; when deviation occurs progression to diabetes begins.


Figure 13.14 -- 
Line graph showing the progression from normal glucose to diabetes via impaired fasting glucose and or impaired glucose tolerance, but that one anomaly did not always precede the other.

Figure 13.15 -- 
Forest plot showing that lower adiponectin levels were consistently associated with increased risk of developing diabetes in populations of various ethnic and demographic backgrounds.


Figure 13.16 -- 
Forest plot showing that metabolic syndrome is a powerful risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes.