Vitamin and Mineral (Nutrient) Supplementation to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: Preventive Medication

1. Studies on the effects of vitamin and mineral supplementation on cardiovascular disease and cancer outcomes. Studies need to be of sufficient duration to detect an effect on these outcomes.
2. Whether vitamin D supplementation has an effect on cancer mortality. Studies need to be of sufficient duration to detect an effect on this outcome.
3. Whether there is heterogeneity across specific populations, or by baseline nutrient level or socioeconomic factors such as food insecurity, in the effects of vitamin and mineral supplementation on cardiovascular disease and cancer outcomes, especially in persons with no known deficiencies and low prevalence of supplement use and in racially and ethnically diverse populations.

The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of the use of single or paired nutrient supplements (other than beta carotene and vitamin E) for the prevention of cardiovascular disease or cancer among community-dwelling, nonpregnant adults.

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